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What is Consent? 10 Fundamentals Everyone Needs to Understand

Published on by Amy

Most of us think we know what consent is in sex, relationships, and beyond. But when you start to look at it more closely, the “what is consent?” question becomes murkier and far more complex. That’s why I’ve put together a quick consent 101 with ten fundamentals you need to know.

If you asked most people what consent is, their answer would likely relate to sex. And yes, sexual consent is obviously vital. But if we only apply consent to sex, we’re missing out a lot of vital steps.

Instead, I’d like us to think of consent as something we apply in all areas of our lives. If your child doesn’t want to hug or kiss a relative, don’t make them. When your partner tells you they hate being tickled, don’t take it as a challenge. If your friend has decided to quit alcohol, don’t push them to drink. And so on.

If we normalise respecting people’s choices and autonomy in all areas of life, it becomes easier to normalise informed consent as a minimum standard for sex.

Consenting to something in one context doesn’t imply that the person consents to it in another setting or situation. I might love my partner casually grabbing my ass in the kitchen while we’re cooking dinner. That doesn’t mean I want them to do it when I’m on a work call.

Never assume that consent in Context A implies consent in Context B. If you’re not sure, ask.

Consent is inherently person-specific. In other words, consenting to something with one person doesn’t mean you’ll agree to it with someone else. This one should really be self-evident. Unfortunately, in a world where prior consensual sexual activity with someone else is still widely used to discredit survivors of sexual violence, it still needs reiterating.

Consent is as much about what happens when someone says “no” as when they say “yes.” To be meaningful, consent must be revocable. In other words, all parties must be able to stop an activity or interaction at any point.

Even if you’re in a 24/7 D/s relationship, consent is never, ever irreversible. If consent can’t be revoked, you don’t have a relationship, you have a hostage situation.

Consent that’s given without all pertinent information isn’t really consent at all. Lying, deliberately omitting information, or misrepresenting the situation to obtain consent renders it meaningless.

Consent to Activity A doesn’t imply consent to Activity B. If I’ve consented to kiss you, that doesn’t mean you can touch my genitals without asking. If I say you can tie me up, that doesn’t mean you also get to spank me unless I say you can.

Never assume that someone is up for something based on their having consented to something different. If there’s any doubt, ask or check in.

Consent is active, not passive. A lack of saying no is not a yes. Sadly, I still hear “well, they didn’t say no” used as a defense for violating consent.

Is the other person actively engaged in whatever you’re doing together? Are they responding positively? If not, pause and check in. If they shrug, say something non-committal, go quiet, or otherwise seem uncomfortable, stop.

Standard sex education in schools is too often based on a “boys push, girls say no” model. This was certainly the consent 101 education I received. But this is a gross over-simplification of what consent is and how it works. This model also harms everyone. It normalises men pressuring women for sex, it completely invisibilises male victims of sexual violence, and it’s cisheteronormative.

Consent is everyone’s responsibility, regardless of gender, orientation, or identity. Everyone needs to learn how to seek consent, how to give or withhold it, and how to accept a “no” with grace.

As a general rule, I’m a proponent of allowing informed and consenting adults to make the best decisions for themselves. However, this principle has its limits. There are some things one cannot reasonably consent to. Following the murder of Grace Millane, the UK outlawed use of the so-called “rough sex defense” in murder trials.

Here’s a great article from my friend Franki Cookney on why this defense is an antithesis to what consensual kink is all about. The bottom line? Fun, consensual kink doesn’t cause serious harm. People cannot consent to GBH or death.

This is the hardest one to swallow, and yet the most essential. We are, all of us, imperfect. I’ve made consent mistakes in the past, and I’m sure you have too.

But making a mistake or fucking up in good faith doesn’t make you a terrible person. It makes you human. Apologise, change your behaviour, and learn from the incident so you don’t cause the same harm again. Doing our best, operating in good faith, and sincerely seeking to improve when you make a misstep is how we prevent small consent mistakes from becoming big violations.